Einstein, Quantum Mechanics and black holes
Let there be a Black hole, predicted Einstein
A black hole is an object so dense and therefore has such a strong gravity that nothing, not even light can escape it. Any thing that gets too close to a black hole (the boundary is called black hole’s event horizon) can not escape and invariably gets drawn closer and closer the black hole.
The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.[2][3]
Black holes of stellar mass are expected to form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. After a black hole has formed, it can continue to grow by absorbing mass from its surroundings. By absorbing other stars and merging with other black holes, supermassive black holes of millions of solar masses (M☉) may form. There is general consensus that supermassive black holes exist in the centers of most galaxies.
Black holes should theoretically collapse to a singularity of size zero. A gravitational singularity or spacetime singularity is a location in spacetime where the gravitational field of a celestial body becomes infinite in a way that does not depend on the coordinate system. The quantities used to measure gravitational field strength are the scalar invariant curvatures of spacetime, which includes a measure of the density of matter. Since such quantities become infinite within the singularity, the laws of normal spacetime cannot exist.[1][2] Einstein’s equations would create a black hole of size zero and his equations become absurd after that.
The Planck length is the scale at which quantum gravitational effects are believed to begin to be apparent, where interactions require a working theory of quantum gravity to be analyzed.[5] The Planck length is sometimes misconceived as the minimum length of spacetime, but this is not accepted by conventional physics, as this would require violation or modification of Lorentz symmetry.[5] However, certain theories of loop quantum gravity do attempt to establish a minimum length on the scale of the Planck length, though not necessarily the Planck length itself,[5]
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics deals with very small objects. It states that the smallest size an object can have is Planck size (much much smaller than an atom). It also states that we can not determine all the properties of such a small object. For example we can not determine both its velocity and position at the some time with certainty. We can measure one or the other but not both. An object in quantum state is at more than one place/position at the same time. When we measure an object in quantum state, that is when the quantum particle fixes its property and becomes classical.
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.[2] Classical physics (the physics existing before quantum mechanics) is a set of fundamental theories which describes nature at ordinary (macroscopic) scale. Most theories in classical physics can be derived from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid at large (macroscopic) scale.[3]
Quantum mechanics shows that many quantities, such as angular momentum, that appeared continuous in the zoomed-out view of classical mechanics, turn out to be (at the small, zoomed-in scale of quantum mechanics) quantized. Angular momentum is required to take on one of a set of discrete allowable values, and since the gap between these values is so minute, the discontinuity is only apparent at the atomic level. Many aspects of quantum mechanics are counter intuitive[3] and can seem paradoxical, because they describe behavior quite different from that seen at larger length scales. In the words of quantum physicist Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics deals with “nature as She is – absurd”.[4]
Broadly speaking, quantum mechanics incorporates four classes of phenomena for which classical physics cannot account:
- quantization of certain physical properties
- quantum entanglement
- principle of uncertainty
- wave–particle duality
Entanglement
Two or more quantum particles can get entangled. That is, property of one quantum object depends on the property of the other entangled object. Remember that at quantum level, a property of a quantum object can not be determined until it is measured. Entanglement means that by measuring a property of an entangled object, we are “fixing” and knowing the property of its other entangled object.
Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon which occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the other(s), even when the particles are separated by a large distance—instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole.
Such phenomena were the subject of a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen,[1]and several papers by Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter,[2][3] describing what came to be known as the EPR paradox. Einstein and others considered such behavior to be impossible, as it violated the local realist view of causality (Einstein referring to it as “spooky action at a distance”)[4] and argued that the accepted formulation of quantum mechanics must therefore be incomplete. Later, however, the counter intuitive predictions of quantum mechanics were verified experimentally[5] in tests where the polarization or spin of entangled particles were measured at separate locations, statistically violating Bell’s inequality, demonstrating that the classical conception of “local realism” cannot be correct.
Quantum entanglement has been demonstrated experimentally with photons,[13][14][15][16] neutrinos,[17] electrons,[18][19]molecules as large as buckyballs,[20][21] and even small diamonds.[22][23]
An entangled system is defined to be one whose quantum state cannot be factored as a product of states of its local constituents; that is to say, they are not individual particles but are an inseparable whole. In entanglement, one constituent cannot be fully described without considering the other(s).
De-cohorence
Another quantum property of interest is de-coherence. If a quantum particle comes in contact with another quantum particle, the two will entangle. As most atoms and their components are in a quantum state all the time, it means any object in quantum state will start entangling with others in its environment and the process will spread so fast that after sometime, measuring one particle will give us the average of the property of the entire neighborhood. This is how through de-coherence, a large group of quantum particles becomes a classical system.[1]
Quantum systems can become entangled through various types of interactions. For some ways in which entanglement may be achieved for experimental purposes, see the section below on methods. Entanglement is broken when the entangled particles decohere through interaction with the environment; for example, when a measurement is made.[38]
Entanglement is broken when the entangled particles decohere through interaction with the environment; for example, when a measurement is made.[38]
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons are described by a wavefunction, a mathematical description of the quantum state of a system; the probabilistic nature of the wave function gives rise to various quantum effects. As long as there exists a definite phase relation between different states, the system is said to be coherent. This coherence is a fundamental property of quantum mechanics, and is necessary for the functioning of quantum computers. However, when a quantum system is not perfectly isolated, but in contact with its surroundings, coherence decays with time, a process called quantum decoherence. As a result of this process, the relevant quantum behaviour is lost. Decoherence was first introduced in 1970 by the German physicist H. Dieter Zeh[1] and has been a subject of active research since the 1980s.[2]
The decay of quantum information caused by the coupling of the system to the environment is referred to as decoherence.[3]
Reverse Quantization
Let us play these experiments in reverse.
A blackhole is a Quantum particle
First, we emphasize that every really small particle is in a quantum state.
Second, a black hole is very small, around Planck size and therefore is in a quantum state.
Going Classical to Quantum, crossing the event horizon
Third, if “measuring” a quantum particle changes it to a classical one, then what would happen when we “unmeasure” a particle, will it revert from classical back to quantum. How can we “unmeasure” an object? I assert that when an object goes beyond the event horizon of a black hole and light from it can never reach us, we would have lost all capability to measure anything about it. Therefore from our world and our consciousness, that object has become “unmeasurable”. For our purposes, that object has become a quantum object.
Space is entangled inside a blackhole
Fourth, since black hole is in a quantum state and an object falling towards it after crossing the event horizon, is also in a quantum state, the two shall meet and get entangled by laws of quantum physics. When they entangle, they will superimpose their position (because gravity is pushing them closer and closer). The space that the original black hole and the space that new particle that fell in it occupies, will be superimposed i.e. both will occupy same space. A black hole can have a very high practically infinite density.
Blackhole feeds but does not grow
Fifth, as a consequence of fourth, a black hole will grow larger in mass, its gravity and therefore its event horizon will get bigger but its space size will stay the same Planck size no matter what is poured into it.
Information accumulates, hidden inside a black hole
Sixth, when two object entangle, their information does not get lost but gets combined (is their experimental evidence for that?). The black hole has trillions of particles each of Planck size, each superimposed into same position but each holding onto its own information content.
Big bang and hyper-inflation
Seventh, if for any reason, a black hole de-coheres (perhaps someone has managed to measure an entangled particle whose twin escaped the black hole as Hawkin’s radiation) all the superimposed particles will de-cohere and convert from quantum to a classical state. Each particle will race outwards from the center of the black hole to occupy its own space. Could this de-coherence of a black hole and its conversion from quantum to classical state is Big Bang followed by Hyper-inflation where space expands at a much faster pace than even the speed of light.
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass.
How to Test
First, find a correspondence between equations of entanglements of two quantum particles and between the equations of gravitational waves of two merging black holes.
On 11 February 2016, the LIGO collaboration announced the first detection of gravitational waves, which also represented the first observation of a black hole merger.[8] As of April 2018, six gravitational wave events have been observed that originated from merging black holes.[9]
Second, find a correspondence between the equations of big bang and equations of de-coherence of entangled particles into classical states, then perhaps above scenario can be taken seriously. One should also be able to calculate the momentum gained by position superimposed quantum particles as they de-cohere and race outwards and compare it with the energy needed to achieve observed expansion of the universe.
Third, find a correspondence between the information compression during entanglement with information decompression during de-cohorence. showing that the information is preserved and not lost or destroyed.
Decoherence can be viewed as the loss of information from a system into the environment (often modeled as a heat bath),[3] As with any coupling, entanglements are generated between the system and environment. These have the effect of sharing quantum information with—or transferring it to—the surroundings. Decoherence has been used to understand the collapse of the wavefunction in quantum mechanics. Components of the wave function are decoupled from a coherent system, and acquire phases from their immediate surroundings.
Fourth, how entropy, the amount of chaos in a system, can also be tested to check if this transition from classic to quantum and inside a black hole and then quantum to classic in a big bang can compute entropy preserving the thermodynamic laws.
Surinder Jain
surinder2 at australians dot com
(www.australians.com)
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(acknowledgements:wikipedia, wikicommons)